Compendium of Kidney Function Modulating Herbs and Phytochemicals -Part 2

Advanced and Specialized Agents

Part 2 expands the compendium with specialized herbs that address specific clinical scenarios in renal medicine. These botanicals are not replacements for foundational agents but rather additions to the therapeutic toolkit. They bring mechanisms that are more nuanced or condition-specific than those in Part 1.

Khella relaxes ureteral smooth muscle. Herniaria inhibits crystal adhesion. Sinomenium modulates IgA production. Silybum protects against drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Each fills a gap that foundational herbs may not address.

Numbering in Part 2 continues the structure of Part 1 while remaining distinct. Cross-references point readers to relevant sections in both editions.

The same principle applies here as in Part 1: first, do no harm. The kidney is vulnerable. Herbal interventions must be applied with precision, caution, and respect for the organ's central role in homeostasis.

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I. Diuretics and Urinary Antiseptics

I.A. Tonic Aquaretics

I.A.1. Zea mays (Corn Silk)

Primary Phytochemicals: Flavonoids (maysin, quercetin), polysaccharides, potassium, plant sterols

Renal Mechanisms:

· Tonic Diuretic: Gentle increase in urine volume without electrolyte depletion

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces mucosal inflammation in urinary tract

· Demulcent: Soothes irritated uroepithelium

· Potassium-Sparing: Provides potassium alongside diuresis

Clinical Applications: Mild edema, cystitis, urethritis, nocturnal enuresis in children

Dosing: 4-8g dried silk as infusion daily; 30-60mL fresh juice

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. Caution in hyperkalemia.

Traditional Context: Used in Western eclectic medicine as a gentle kidney tonic. Also employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine for edema and urinary difficulty.

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I.B. Urinary Antiseptics

I.B.1. Barosma betulina (Buchu)

Primary Phytochemicals: Volatile oils (pulegone, diosphenol), flavonoids, mucilage

Renal Mechanisms:

· Urinary Antiseptic: Volatile oils excreted in urine exert antimicrobial action

· Diuretic: Mild stimulation of renal filtration

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces bladder and urethral inflammation

Clinical Applications: Cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, urinary tract infections

Dosing: 1-2g dried leaf as infusion three times daily; 1-2mL tincture (1:5)

Contraindications: Kidney inflammation, pregnancy, gastrointestinal irritation

Duration: Limit to 2-4 weeks continuous use

Traditional Context: Classic Western eclectic urinary antiseptic. Used specifically for acute urinary tract infections with burning and frequency.

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I.B.2. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Uva Ursi, Bearberry)

Primary Phytochemicals: Arbutin, methylarbutin, hydroquinone derivatives, tannins

Renal Mechanisms:

· Urinary Antiseptic: Arbutin hydrolyzes in alkaline urine to hydroquinone, which is bactericidal

· Astringent: Tannins reduce mucosal inflammation

· Diuretic: Mild increase in urine output

Clinical Applications: Acute cystitis, urethritis, pyelitis

Dosing: 1.5-4g dried leaf as infusion three times daily; standardized to 400-700mg arbutin daily

Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, renal impairment, acidic urine (reduces efficacy)

Duration: Limit to 1-2 weeks continuous use. Alkalinize urine with citrate if needed.

Safety: Hydroquinone is hepatotoxic at high doses. Do not exceed recommended dose.

Traditional Context: One of the most reliable urinary antiseptics in Western herbal medicine. Best used short-term for acute infections.

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II. Nephroprotective and Antioxidant Herbs

II.A. Microcirculation and Podocyte Protection

II.A.1. Panax notoginseng (San Qi)

Primary Phytochemicals: Notoginsenosides, ginsenosides, flavonoids

Renal Mechanisms:

· Renal Microcirculation: Improves blood flow in glomerular capillaries

· Anti-fibrotic: Inhibits TGF-beta1 and collagen deposition

· Endothelial Protection: Preserves glomerular endothelial integrity

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces cytokine production in renal tissue

Clinical Applications: Diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic kidney disease with vascular component

Dosing: 3-6g dried root decoction daily; standardized extracts available

Safety: May potentiate anticoagulants. Monitor bleeding parameters.

Traditional Context: Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for blood stasis syndromes, including renal microvascular disease.

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II.A.2. Schisandra chinensis (Wu Wei Zi)

Primary Phytochemicals: Schisandrin, schisandrol, lignans, organic acids

Renal Mechanisms:

· Podocyte Protection: Schisandrin preserves podocyte integrity and reduces proteinuria

· Antioxidant: Potent scavenging of renal reactive oxygen species

· Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits NF-kB activation in glomeruli

· Hepatorenal Protection: Supports both liver and kidney function

Clinical Applications: Proteinuria, diabetic nephropathy, drug-induced nephrotoxicity

Dosing: 1.5-6g dried fruit decoction daily; standardized extracts available

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May interact with CYP3A4 substrates.

Traditional Context: A principal tonic herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine, used for both kidney and liver support.

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II.A.3. Lycium barbarum (Goji Berry, Wolfberry)

Primary Phytochemicals: Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, zeaxanthin, betaine, flavonoids

Renal Mechanisms:

· Renal Antioxidant: Polysaccharides protect renal tissue from oxidative damage

· Anti-aging: Supports renal cellular longevity

· Immunomodulation: Modulates immune response in renal tissue

· Endocrine Support: May support erythropoietin production

Clinical Applications: General nephroprotection, age-related renal decline, diabetic nephropathy adjunct

Dosing: 6-15g dried fruit daily as decoction or consumed whole

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May potentiate warfarin.

Traditional Context: Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a kidney and liver tonic. Modern research confirms antioxidant and anti-aging properties.

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III. Antilithic and Stone Expulsion Herbs

III.A. Ureteral Relaxation and Stone Expulsion

III.A.1. Ammi visnaga (Khella)

Primary Phytochemicals: Khellin, visnagin, furanochromones

Renal Mechanisms:

· Ureteral Relaxation: Khellin relaxes ureteral smooth muscle, facilitating stone passage

· Antispasmodic: Reduces ureteral spasm and pain

· Calcium Channel Modulation: Similar to pharmaceutical calcium antagonists

Clinical Applications: Ureteral stones, renal colic, stone expulsion facilitation

Dosing: 100-300mg standardized extract daily; or as directed by practitioner

Safety: May potentiate anticoagulants. Avoid in pregnancy. Monitor liver function with prolonged use.

Traditional Context: Used in Egyptian and Middle Eastern medicine for urinary stones. Modern research confirms ureteral relaxation.

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III.A.2. Herniaria hirsuta (Herniary, Rupture Wort)

Primary Phytochemicals: Saponins, flavonoids, coumarins

Renal Mechanisms:

· Crystal Inhibition: Prevents calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and adhesion

· Diuretic: Increases urine flow for stone flushing

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces crystal-induced renal inflammation

Clinical Applications: Calcium oxalate stone prevention, crystalluria

Dosing: 2-4g dried herb as infusion daily

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. Avoid in pregnancy.

Traditional Context: Used in European folk medicine for urinary stones. Modern research confirms crystal-inhibiting properties.

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III.A.3. Lysimachia christinae (Jin Qian Cao)

Primary Phytochemicals: Flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes

Renal Mechanisms:

· Stone Expulsion: Promotes ureteral peristalsis and stone passage

· Diuretic: Increases urine volume

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces ureteral inflammation

· Choleretic: Supports liver and biliary function

Clinical Applications: Urolithiasis, biliary stones, urinary tract infections

Dosing: 15-30g dried herb decoction daily

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May cause mild gastrointestinal upset.

Traditional Context: A primary antilithic herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine, used for both urinary and biliary stones.

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IV. Immune-Mediated Renal Disease Modulators

IV.A. IgA Nephropathy and Immune Modulation

IV.A.1. Sinomenium acutum (Qing Feng Teng)

Primary Phytochemicals: Sinomenine, alkaloids

Renal Mechanisms:

· IgA Modulation: Reduces aberrant IgA production and deposition

· Immunosuppressive: Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces glomerular inflammation

· Anti-proteinuric: Reduces proteinuria in glomerulonephritis

Clinical Applications: IgA nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis with renal involvement

Dosing: 6-12g dried stem decoction daily; standardized extracts available

Safety: May cause gastrointestinal upset. Monitor liver function. Avoid in pregnancy.

Traditional Context: Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for rheumatism and immune disorders. Modern research supports use in IgA nephropathy.

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IV.A.2. Paeonia lactiflora (White Peony)

Primary Phytochemicals: Paeoniflorin, paeonol, flavonoids

Renal Mechanisms:

· Immune Modulation: Regulates T-cell and B-cell function

· Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits NF-kB and inflammatory cytokines

· Podocyte Protection: Reduces proteinuria in glomerular disease

· Microcirculation: Improves renal blood flow

Clinical Applications: IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis

Dosing: 6-15g dried root decoction daily

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May potentiate anticoagulants.

Traditional Context: A principal herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine for blood and immune disorders. Often combined with Astragalus for renal protection.

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V. Renal Endocrine Support

V.A. Erythropoietin and Endocrine Function

V.A.1. Epimedium spp. (Yin Yang Huo, Horny Goat Weed)

Primary Phytochemicals: Icariin, epimedin, flavonoids

Renal Mechanisms:

· EPO Support: Icariin may stimulate erythropoietin production

· HIF Stabilization: Stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor

· Renal Endocrine Support: Supports adrenal and gonadal function

· Antioxidant: Protects renal tissue from oxidative stress

Clinical Applications: Renal anemia, fatigue in chronic kidney disease, endocrine insufficiency

Dosing: 3-9g dried herb decoction daily; standardized extracts available

Safety: May affect blood pressure. Avoid in hormone-sensitive conditions.

Traditional Context: Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a kidney yang tonic. Modern research supports endocrine and erythropoietic effects.

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V.A.2. Cistanche deserticola (Rou Cong Rong)

Primary Phytochemicals: Phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, polysaccharides

Renal Mechanisms:

· Endocrine Support: Supports adrenal and gonadal function

· EPO Modulation: May enhance erythropoietin production

· Antioxidant: Protects renal tissue from oxidative damage

· Anti-fatigue: Improves energy metabolism in renal patients

Clinical Applications: Renal anemia, fatigue in chronic kidney disease, endocrine insufficiency

Dosing: 6-12g dried stem decoction daily

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May cause mild gastrointestinal upset.

Traditional Context: Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a kidney yang tonic. Modern research supports endocrine and erythropoietic effects.

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VI. Acute Kidney Injury Prevention

VI.A. Antioxidant and Hepatorenal Protection

VI.A.1. Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)

Primary Phytochemicals: Silymarin (silibinin, silidianin, silicristin), flavonoids

Renal Mechanisms:

· Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Protective against cisplatin, gentamicin, and other nephrotoxic drugs

· Antioxidant: Potent scavenging of renal reactive oxygen species

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces renal inflammation

· Hepatorenal Protection: Supports both liver and kidney function

Clinical Applications: Chemotherapy nephroprotection, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, hepatorenal syndrome

Dosing: 200-400mg silymarin daily; standardized extracts preferred

Safety: Generally well-tolerated. May cause mild gastrointestinal upset.

Traditional Context: Used in Western herbal medicine for liver protection. Modern research confirms nephroprotective effects.

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VI.A.2. N-Acetylcysteine-Containing and Glutathione-Supporting Herbs

Note: N-acetylcysteine is a pharmaceutical compound, not a herb. Certain herbs support glutathione production or provide precursors.

Supporting Herbs:

· Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): Supports glutathione production

· Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): Supports antioxidant defense

· Curcuma longa (Turmeric): Supports glutathione synthesis

Clinical Applications: Contrast-induced nephropathy prevention, drug-induced nephrotoxicity

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VII. Uremic Symptom Management

VII.A. Enteric Dialysis and Bowel Cleansing

VII.A.1. Aloe vera (Aloe)

Primary Phytochemicals: Anthraquinones (aloin, aloe-emodin), polysaccharides, lectins

Renal Mechanisms:

· Enteric Dialysis: Binds nitrogenous wastes in intestine

· Laxative: Increases fecal nitrogen excretion

· Anti-inflammatory: Reduces uremic inflammation

· Wound Healing: Supports gastrointestinal mucosa

Clinical Applications: Chronic kidney disease stages 4-5, uremic symptoms, constipation in renal failure

Dosing: 50-200mg dried latex or standardized extract; or as directed by practitioner

Safety: Anthraquinones may cause electrolyte imbalance with prolonged use. Avoid in pregnancy.

Traditional Context: Used in traditional medicine for constipation and detoxification. Modern research supports enteric dialysis effects.

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VII.A.2. Senna alexandrina (Senna)

Primary Phytochemicals: Sennosides, anthraquinones

Renal Mechanisms:

· Enteric Dialysis: Binds nitrogenous wastes in intestine

· Laxative: Increases fecal nitrogen excretion

· Uremic Symptom Relief: Reduces constipation and uremic symptoms

Clinical Applications: Chronic kidney disease stages 4-5, uremic symptoms, constipation in renal failure

Dosing: 1-2 tablets or 1-2g dried leaf as infusion at bedtime

Safety: May cause electrolyte imbalance with prolonged use. Avoid in pregnancy.

Traditional Context: Used in Western herbal medicine for constipation. Modern research supports enteric dialysis effects.

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VIII. Clinical Integration Notes

VIII.A. When to Use Part 2 Herbs

Part 2 herbs are best considered when foundational herbs from Part 1 are insufficient, contraindicated, or require augmentation. Examples include:

· Refractory proteinuria despite Astragalus and Salvia

· Ureteral stones not passing with Phyllanthus or Orthosiphon

· IgA nephropathy requiring immune modulation beyond Scutellaria

· Renal anemia not responding to Angelica and Panax ginseng

· Acute kidney injury prevention in high-risk procedures

· Uremic symptoms not controlled by Rheum alone

VIII.B. Safety Considerations

The same cautions from Part 1 apply to Part 2 herbs. Additional considerations include:

· Uva ursi and Buchu require short-term use and urine alkalinization for efficacy

· Khella requires liver function monitoring

· Sinomenium and Paeonia may potentiate immunosuppressants

· Epimedium and Cistanche may affect hormone-sensitive conditions

· Aloe and Senna require electrolyte monitoring with prolonged use

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IX. Condition-Specific Protocols Using Part 2 Herbs

IX.A. Refractory Proteinuria Protocol

When proteinuria persists despite Astragalus and Salvia:

· Core: Astragalus membranaceus plus Salvia miltiorrhiza (from Part 1)

· Add: Schisandra chinensis for podocyte protection

· Add: Paeonia lactiflora for immune modulation

· Consider: Sinomenium acutum if IgA nephropathy is confirmed

· Monitor: Urinary protein, eGFR, liver function every 4-8 weeks

IX.B. Ureteral Stone Expulsion Protocol

When stones are present in ureter and not passing:

· Core: Phyllanthus niruri plus Orthosiphon (from Part 1)

· Add: Ammi visnaga for ureteral relaxation

· Add: Lysimachia christinae for stone expulsion

· Hydration: 2.5-3L urine output daily

· Pain Management: Khella provides antispasmodic relief

· Monitor: Stone passage, renal function, liver function if using Khella

IX.C. IgA Nephropathy Protocol

When immune modulation beyond Scutellaria is required:

· Core: Astragalus plus Scutellaria (from Part 1)

· Add: Sinomenium acutum for IgA modulation

· Add: Paeonia lactiflora for immune regulation

· Consider: Tripterygium wilfordii if severe (from Part 1, specialist use only)

· Monitor: Urinary protein, renal function, liver function, CBC

IX.D. Renal Anemia Protocol

When anemia does not respond to foundational herbs:

· Core: Angelica sinensis plus Panax ginseng (from Part 1)

· Add: Epimedium spp. for EPO support

· Add: Cistanche deserticola for endocrine support

· Consider: Lycium barbarum for antioxidant support

· Monitor: Hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron studies, blood pressure

IX.E. Acute Kidney Injury Prevention Protocol

For high-risk procedures or nephrotoxic drug administration:

· Core: Andrographis paniculata plus Ginkgo biloba (from Part 1)

· Add: Silybum marianum for drug-induced nephrotoxicity

· Add: Schisandra chinensis for renal protection

· Hydration: Adequate hydration before, during, and after procedure

· Monitor: Serum creatinine, eGFR, urine output

IX.F. Uremic Symptom Management Protocol

For advanced chronic kidney disease with uremic symptoms:

· Core: Rheum palmatum low-dose (from Part 1)

· Add: Aloe vera for enteric dialysis

· Add: Senna alexandrina for bowel cleansing

· Symptom Management: Ginger for nausea, capsaicin for pruritus (from Part 1)

· Monitor: Electrolytes, renal function, bowel habits

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X. Safety Considerations and Critical Cautions for Part 2 Herbs

X.A. Herb-Drug Interactions

Anticoagulant Interactions

· Herbs Affected: Panax notoginseng, Paeonia lactiflora, Ammi visnaga, Lycium barbarum

· Drugs Affected: Warfarin, heparin, direct oral anticoagulants

· Risk: Bleeding

· Management: Monitor INR or bleeding parameters closely

Immunosuppressant Interactions

· Herbs Affected: Sinomenium acutum, Paeonia lactiflora

· Drugs Affected: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, other immunosuppressants

· Risk: Altered drug levels, transplant rejection

· Management: Avoid in transplant patients except under specialist care

Antihypertensive Interactions

· Herbs Affected: Epimedium spp., Cistanche deserticola

· Drugs Affected: All antihypertensives

· Risk: Blood pressure fluctuations

· Management: Monitor blood pressure frequently

CYP450 Interactions

· Herbs Affected: Schisandra chinensis (CYP3A4)

· Drugs Affected: Many pharmaceutical agents

· Risk: Altered drug metabolism

· Management: Review all medications before initiating

X.B. Contraindications and Cautions

Pregnancy and Lactation

· Avoid: Uva ursi, Buchu, Khella, Herniaria, Sinomenium, Aloe, Senna

· Caution: All Part 2 herbs unless specifically indicated

Renal Impairment

· Avoid: Uva ursi (hydroquinone accumulation), Buchu (volatile oil irritation)

· Caution: Aloe and Senna (electrolyte imbalance)

· Monitor: All herbs with dose adjustment per Part 1 guidelines

Hepatic Impairment

· Avoid: Khella (liver function monitoring required), Sinomenium (liver function monitoring required)

· Caution: Silybum marianum (generally protective but monitor)

Hormone-Sensitive Conditions

· Avoid: Epimedium spp., Cistanche deserticola

· Caution: Lycium barbarum (may affect hormone levels)

X.C. Duration of Use

· Short-Term (1-2 weeks): Uva ursi, Buchu

· Short-Term (2-4 weeks): Khella

· Medium-Term (1-3 months): Most Part 2 herbs

· Long-Term: Lycium barbarum, Schisandra chinensis, Silybum marianum (with monitoring)

X.D. Monitoring Requirements

· Liver Function: Khella, Sinomenium, Paeonia

· Renal Function: All herbs, especially with pre-existing impairment

· Electrolytes: Aloe, Senna, Zea mays

· Blood Pressure: Epimedium, Cistanche

· Bleeding Parameters: Panax notoginseng, Paeonia, Ammi visnaga

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XI. Traditional Systems Perspectives on Part 2 Herbs

XI.A. Traditional Chinese Medicine Context

Blood Stasis and Microcirculation

· Panax notoginseng: Addresses blood stasis in renal microvessels

· Paeonia lactiflora: Invigorates blood and regulates immune response

· Salvia miltiorrhiza (from Part 1): Complements these actions

Kidney Yang and Endocrine Support

· Epimedium spp.: Warms kidney yang, supports endocrine function

· Cistanche deserticola: Tonifies kidney yang, supports essence

· Lycium barbarum: Nourishes kidney yin and essence

Stone Expulsion

· Lysimachia christinae: Clears heat, promotes diuresis, expels stones

· Orthosiphon stamineus (from Part 1): Complements stone expulsion

Uremic Symptoms

· Rheum palmatum (from Part 1): Purges toxins through bowel

· Aloe vera: Clears heat, purges stool, detoxifies

· Senna alexandrina: Purges stool, clears heat

XI.B. Western Eclectic Context

Urinary Antiseptics

· Buchu: Classic Western urinary antiseptic for acute infections

· Uva ursi: Reliable short-term urinary antiseptic

· Zea mays: Gentle tonic diuretic for sensitive patients

Hepatorenal Protection

· Silybum marianum: Primary Western hepatoprotective with renal benefits

· Schisandra chinensis: Adaptogen with both liver and kidney support

Stone Management

· Herniaria hirsuta: European folk remedy for urinary stones

· Ammi visnaga: Egyptian traditional remedy for renal colic

XI.C. Unani and Ayurvedic Context

Stone Expulsion

· Ammi visnaga: Used in Unani medicine for renal colic and stones

· Herniaria hirsuta: Used in Unani and European traditions for stones

Endocrine Support

· Epimedium spp.: Used in Ayurveda and TCM for reproductive and endocrine health

· Cistanche deserticola: Used in TCM and Unani for kidney tonic effects

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XII. Future Research Directions for Part 2 Herbs

XII.A. Mechanistic Investigations Needed

· Ureteral relaxation mechanisms of Khella at molecular level

· Crystal adhesion inhibition by Herniaria saponins

· IgA modulation pathways of Sinomenium

· Podocyte protection mechanisms of Schisandra

· EPO stimulation pathways of Epimedium and Cistanche

· Enteric dialysis mechanisms of Aloe and Senna

XII.B. Clinical Trial Priorities

· Randomized controlled trials of Khella for ureteral stone expulsion

· Herniaria hirsuta for calcium oxalate stone prevention

· Sinomenium acutum for IgA nephropathy

· Schisandra chinensis for proteinuria reduction

· Silybum marianum for cisplatin nephroprotection

· Aloe vera and Senna for uremic symptom management

XII.C. Integration Studies

· Combining Part 2 herbs with Part 1 foundational herbs

· Dose optimization for Part 2 herbs in renal impairment

· Safety monitoring protocols for Part 2 herbs

· Herb-drug interaction studies for Part 2 herbs

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XIII. Conclusion to Part 2

Part 2 expands the compendium with specialized agents that address specific clinical scenarios in renal medicine. These herbs are not replacements for foundational botanicals but rather additions to the therapeutic toolkit.

The herbs in Part 2 bring mechanisms that are more nuanced or condition-specific than those in Part 1. Khella relaxes ureteral smooth muscle. Herniaria inhibits crystal adhesion. Sinomenium modulates IgA production. Silybum protects against drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Each fills a gap that foundational herbs may not address.

When integrated with Part 1, this compendium provides a comprehensive reference for renal phytotherapy across the spectrum of kidney conditions. Practitioners should use clinical judgment, monitor closely, and individualize treatment based on etiology, stage, comorbidities, and concomitant medications.

The same principle applies to Part 2 as to Part 1: first, do no harm. The kidney is vulnerable. Herbal interventions must be applied with precision, caution, and respect for the organ's central role in homeostasis.

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Appendix: Cross-Reference Guide

Part 1 Sections Referenced in Part 2

· Section I.A.4: Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava)

· Section I.A.5: Bergenia ligulata (Pashanbheda)

· Section II.A.1: Astragalus membranaceus

· Section II.A.2: Salvia miltiorrhiza

· Section II.B.4: Crateva nurvala (Varuna)

· Section II.B.5: Tribulus terrestris (Gokshura)

· Section II.B.6: Aerva lanata (Sirupeelai)

· Section III.B: Rheum palmatum

· Section IV.A.1: Phyllanthus niruri

· Section IV.A.2: Orthosiphon stamineus

· Section IV.A.5: Bergenia ligulata revisited

· Section IV.A.6: Crateva nurvala revisited

· Section IV.A.7: Tribulus terrestris revisited

· Section V.A.1: Angelica sinensis

· Section V.A.2: Panax ginseng

· Section VI.B: Scutellaria baicalensis

· Section VI.A: Tripterygium wilfordii

· Section VII.A: Andrographis paniculata

· Section VII.C: Ginkgo biloba

· Section VIII.A: Rheum palmatum revisited

· Section VIII.C: Zingiber officinale

Part 2 Sections for Future Integration

· Section I.A.1: Zea mays (Corn Silk)

· Section I.B.1: Barosma betulina (Buchu)

· Section I.B.2: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Uva Ursi)

· Section II.A.1: Panax notoginseng (San Qi)

· Section II.A.2: Schisandra chinensis

· Section II.A.3: Lycium barbarum

· Section III.A.1: Ammi visnaga (Khella)

· Section III.A.2: Herniaria hirsuta

· Section III.A.3: Lysimachia christinae

· Section IV.A.1: Sinomenium acutum

· Section IV.A.2: Paeonia lactiflora

· Section V.A.1: Epimedium spp.

· Section V.A.2: Cistanche deserticola

· Section VI.A.1: Silybum marianum

· Section VII.A.1: Aloe vera

· Section VII.A.2: Senna alexandrina

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This concludes Part 2 of the Compendium of Kidney Function Modulating Herbs and Phytochemicals.